Sunday, 10 June 2012

Lecture 8



Lecture 8 was on ethics, and in my opinion it was one of the most interesting lectures of the semester so far. Exploring the polarity of ethics, the notion that everything is black and white, was thought provoking. It seems that we need to have the ability to distinguish between what is just tacky, and what is actually unethical. Our guest lecturer, John Harrison, gave us some examples of such media. He asked us to do an exercise, where we marked on a scale whether we thought the ad was in good taste or bad taste, ethical or unethical. It seems that everyone’s opinion on what is good taste and bad taste differs, as that is something which develops individually, however it is important that publishers of media have the ability to determine what is genuinely unethical. He then went on to explain some of the theories involved in ethics, as well as some of the ethics codes which apply to the journalism field. Here are some of the ads used in the lecture, but rather than tell you what I thought of them, I will let you make up your own mind.






Thursday, 24 May 2012

Annotated Bibliography



Nicholls, S., Sykes, J., & Camilleri, P. (2010). The role of the media and communication in recovery from natural disasters: A case study of the Canberra firestorm and its aftermath 2003-2007. Australian Journal of Communication, 37(3), 33-50. http://search.proquest.com/docview/884025474?accountid=14723

There are three contributors to this article, all of whom have an academic background. Dr Susan Nicholls is an Associate Professor at the University of Canberra, Jolyon Sykes is a Journalism Researcher at the same institution and Peter Camilleri is a Professor of Social work at the Australian Catholic University. All contributors have also previously published research papers and have established high levels of credibility in their respective fields. The varying specialisations of the contributors add depth to the article as the subject matter, how the media impacts on the recovery of victims of natural disasters, can be examined from different viewpoints. There is a varied and comprehensive list of references which add credibility and gravitas to the information put forward in the article. The text examines the role the media plays in the aftermath of a natural disaster, using the Canberra bushfires as a case study. Using information gathered from their research, and a questionnaire completed by 500 survivors, the study concludes that the media ‘played a significant role in the recovery of the community, both positively and negatively’.  Through the study, it is revealed that at the time of the fires, the most trusted media sources were local newspapers, and the ABC, both radio and television. The paper also contrasts the views of survivors who either relied heavily on media coverage for information, and those who chose to avoid all forms of media, thus presenting a balanced view from those affected by the disaster and the role of the media in reporting them.



Calligeros, M. (2011, January 14). Brisbane flood victims to confront the destruction. Brisbane Times. Retrieved from http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au

Brisbane Times is an online newspaper with a large amount of local content, as well as international information, however it is primarily targeted at a South-East Queensland readership. It is a branch of Fairfax media, one of Australia’s largest publishers of print, online, and radio media. Fairfax has major news publications in several states and has a large percentage share of the Australian media. Brisbane Times is a form of commercial media, and it stands to reason that because of this, they wish to only publish articles that they believe will meet public demand. The article covers the 2011 Queensland floods, with a particular focus on the Brisbane area. There is an accompanying photo gallery featuring images of the floodwater and the destruction it caused. The article does feature some dramatic language, such as ‘monster river’, ‘devastating destruction’ and ‘putrid, tar-like sludge.’ This is in contrast to the more straightforward reporting style of the ABC publication. It can be seen that from the graphic images to the descriptive language, the article is presenting the disaster in a dramatic light in order to gain a wider audience. Despite being a Brisbane publication, the article offers little tangible information and advice for Brisbane residents affected by the floods, instead choosing to sensationalise the event for a broader reading public.


Santow, S. (2010, December 30). AM [Radio broadcast]. Australia: ABC

This AM program broadcast by the ABC discusses the financial and emotional costs of the floods on those affected, with a particular focus on farmers. The ABC is one of Australia’s premier providers of news across all platforms, and in contrast to Fairfax, is a form of public, or non-commercial media. The ABC is not driven by making profit, and is therefore in a position to produce news stories which may not appeal to advertisers and a broad target market. In this radio piece flood victims recount the damage to their property and crops and the likely loss of revenue that will come from downgraded crops. The piece then relates this damage back to all Australians by revealing that with a decrease in farming in the region, there will be a ‘spike in retail prices’ across the eastern seaboard as well as an all over shortage of goods. This report speaks to a flood victim in Millmerran, as well as two farming officials, from Queensland and Victoria and it is this selection of interviewees that help give the report its depth. There appears to be little bias in this piece, and this is in keeping with the findings by Nicholls et. al. that Australians trusted the ABC in their coverage of natural disasters.

AAP. (2011, January 13). Brisbane wakes up to water logged streets. Ninemsn. Retrieved from http://news.ninemsn.com.au/

This article offers a broader look at the events of the floods than the previous pieces, featuring many links, images and other online content, in an attempt to please its tech savvy readership. Ninemsn is the online branch of channel 9, which is in turn owned by Publishing and Broadcasting limited, which runs many publications as well as online and television content, and is owned by the Packer family. This, like the Brisbane Times piece, is a form of commercial media however this piece is aimed at a wide audience on a national level. It is because of this that is offers little localised content and information for Brisbane readers. Ninemsn does not have a reputation for producing quality and unbiased news, however this piece provides a relatively straightforward, albeit slightly dramatized look at the events of the floods. There is no journalist credited with writing the piece, rather it is attributed to AAP, thus revealing that there is little, if any, specialised content for a Queensland audience. The article does feature quotes from then Lord Mayor Campbell Newman, however these quotes were originally given to the ABC and reused for this story and don’t offer the reader any great insight into the local reaction to the crisis. This lack of local content would be a contributing factor as to why victims of natural disasters would turn to local and trusted national media. 

Thursday, 26 April 2012

Factual Storytelling


Landing in Cairo was an assault on the senses. It was the first time that either my little sister or I had been overseas, and following a 20 hour flight, all we wanted was sleep. Cairo, however, is not a city for the weary, or the faint hearted. We had headed to Egypt to celebrate my mother’s birthday. She had not wanted a party, but instead chose to take her husband and two teenage daughters to the Middle East. The first shock was the airport. The dank, dark and dilapidated building was literally a world away from the airy Brisbane International airport and the bright lights of Singapore that we had just left. Emerging from the terminal, we were hit with the unfamiliar. Sights, noises, smells, crowds, all of which I had never seen before, were suddenly sprung upon me. Fortunately we had arrived in January, their winter, so the temperature was mild and the weather was one less element to contest with. We had read the travel guides prior to departure, all of which had attempted to illustrate the atmosphere in their knowledgeable pages, however nothing could have prepared two teenage girls for what was about to ensue.

The first few days passed by in a flurry. We were going to be there three weeks in total, and Cairo was our first stop. Visiting the requisite sites, such as the pyramids at Giza and the Sphinx were both surreal and in a strange way, slightly disillusioning. The great monuments were not, as I had originally thought, located in the middle of the desert, but a city had rather unceremoniously built itself around them. Now after visiting the Sphinx it’s possible to pop across the road for Pizza Hut. The crowds were something I had never encountered in such a magnitude. The population of the city is approximately seven million, an amount of people that I had never considered, let alone experienced. We quickly learnt to stick together, as it was far too easy to get separated in a crowd. My parents kept a watchful eye on my sister and I, as even a brief trip to the supermarket was hazardous.

Following our time in Cairo, we travelled south along the Nile. Our next destination was Luxor, home to a vast array of temples and tombs. My mother was on a mission to see as many ancient sites as possible so the next item on her list was the temple at Karnak. Karnak is a complex of several different temples and ancient chapels and is considered to be the largest ancient religious site in the world. It is also the second most visited site in Egypt, after the pyramids. With a tourist attraction, however, comes large amounts of tourists. Tourists in turn, attract large numbers of locals attempting to sell a variety of paraphernalia. What ensues is excessive amounts of shouting, shoving and sheer astonishment. It was in Karnak, amongst the semi-organised chaos, that we lost my sister.

“Where’s Edwina?” my mother asked. I looked around, expecting to find her standing behind us. Her absence was both alarming and frightening. Had we just lost a 13 year old girl at one of the busiest monuments in the Middle East?

Edwina wandered through the temple complex, unaware that she was alone. Having been unwittingly separated from her family a mere five minutes before, she strolled along, admiring the workmanship and scale of the ancient hieroglyphs. She turned, hoping to find either my parents or myself, but was instead faced with an unknown family of Japanese tourists. In her version of events, this is the point at which she became afraid. She was unsure of what her next move should be. Should she stay in the one spot, on the chance that we were looking for her? Should she attempt to look for us, despite the unlikelihood of finding someone in an area and crowd this large?

My mother is not normally a panicker. I could see, however, the lines of worry beginning to form on her forehead. My father too, is an equally calm person, yet I could see that he was beginning to, in his own words, ‘freak out.’ Had we been in Australia we would have employed the search method that is divide and conquer. We were not too keen at the prospect of losing another family member though, so we stuck together. Unsure of how to begin our search, we just began looking.

As Edwina made her way through the crowds, the tall pillars that had once seemed magnificent now seemed menacing. The random eye contact with strangers had initially been comforting, now it made her fearful. She couldn’t remember what any of us were wearing, thus making it even harder to spot us. The sun, no longer in the middle of the sky, was beginning to sink into the horizon. We had planned on leaving the temple before sunset. Edwina made her way to the entrance of the complex, in the hope that we had decided to wait there.

The worst possible outcomes were running through each of our heads. Had she fallen? Was she hurt? Ducking and weaving through the stones and pillars, each turn came with a new thought. Our unmapped path through Karnak had lead us back to the starting point, the entrance. 

We approached the entrance feeling somewhat defeated. Edwina was yet to be found, and it was getting late in the day, the crowds surging towards the exit point. It was then that we spotted her.

Edwina says she can’t remember the feeling of when she first saw us. The most basic description of what we were feeling was relief. She did later refer to the incident as one of the scariest moments of her life. Luckily for all of us though, she is able to look back on it in amusement. My mother fully recovered, and no longer felt the guilt that would stem from misplacing a child. Had it been socially acceptable though, I imagine she would have got her children leashes for the remainder of the holiday. 

Thursday, 19 April 2012

Public Media


Lecture seven discussed the topic of public media, something I suppose you could call the opposite of last week’s lecture on commercial media. Public Media is media whose mission is to serve or engage a public, its ultimate purpose is to serve the public and not turn a profit. The public media in Australia consists of the ABC and SBS, in both tv and radio. Internationally, public media broadcasters include BBC and channel 4 in the UK and PBS and NPR in the US. Public media can also include community media. The aspect I found most interesting in this lecture was looking at the role of public media and the ethos of public media. The public value, according to the BBC, is to embed a public service ethos, provide value for licence fee money and weigh public value against market opinion. It seems from this that public media could be considered quite ideological, however when put into practice, it appears that public media broadcasters adhere to this standard. Take for example, the ABC. According to information given in the lecture, 41% of Australians get their news from the ABC and 85% don’t believe they project any bias. This lack of bias is vital, as whilst being majority funded by the government, the ABC have a responsibility to present quality and bias free stories regardless of which party is in power. And as Dr Redman said in the lecture, as soon as the ABC stops enraging politicians, then we are in trouble. 

Which Direction?

One direction

It would appear that One Direction are in Australia. This is no secret, it has been headlining practically every news outlet for the past few days. But if you are unsure of who One Direction are, here is the lowdown: a group of five British males, aged from 18-20, manufactured as a singing group by reality program X Factor, all of them dress rather well for teenage boys, and they all have better hair than I do. In case my description was not quite vivid enough, here is a picture:


Now I am not going to practice musical snobbery and say that they are ‘too mainstream’ or ‘too manufactured’, because let’s face it, a large number of recording artists have had their images slightly tweaked by record companies. If the conspiracy theorists are to be believed , then ‘indie darling’ Lana Del Rey has had more than a helping hand in the image department, thus nullifying her apparent indie status (for more: http://www.hipsterrunoff.com/altreport/2011/09/lana-del-rey-exposed-b4-she-was-alt-she-was-failed-mnstrm-artist-without-fake-lips.html). But back to One Direction. I am not going to preach ignorant, or try and play the cool card and pretend I have never heard their music. I will even admit, as embarrassing as it is, that I have been caught humming along to their catchy hooks and inoffensive lyrics. But what exactly is their appeal? Their concert tour in Australia sold out in just three minutes, and One Direction figurines have apparently been flying off the shelves in Britain. Typing ‘One Direction’ into the ebay search bar results in a plethora of merchandise, from coffee mugs to personalised pillow cases. In my attempt to understand the phenomenon, I turned to a valuable source: the target audience. In conversation with my little sister and a friend of hers, I casually dropped One Direction into the mix. Their response was not as overwhelmingly positive as I had imagined, but then they did point out to me that ‘it’s a bit lame for grade 12’s to like them. If you asked some year 8’s they would probably scream’. So I did as anyone looking for answers does, and turned to the internet. Well. After trawling through countless fan sites I still struggled to come up with a definitive answer as to why One Direction, and subsequently boy bands in general, were so popular. Is it their slightly matching outfits? Is it their catchy melodies and inoffensive lyrics? Is it because they are just so cute? Who really knows, but I know in this case, their record labels are laughing all the way to the bank whilst screaming fans are all too eager to jump on the bandwagon. The bandwagon that is heading in only one direction.

(didn’t quite give the answers I was looking for, but interesting nonetheless: http://jezebel.com/5891583/start-shrieking-ladies-boy-bands-are-back)

Commercial Media

 Commercial media. What is it? What does it do? Who uses it? All these questions were answered in lecture 6, with the topic being commercial media and a specific look at it in Australia. Commercial media encompasses television, newspapers, magazines and radio. It can also include telecommunications companies, such as Telstra and Optus. Some examples of the commercial media in Australia today are channels 7, 9 and ten, companies such as News Limited and Fairfax, and radio producers like Austereo. The purpose of commercial media is to ‘sell audiences to advertisers’. This is to say, every time you sit down to watch a show on your favourite commercial station, you are in fact wanted there to view the advertisements, rather than the programs themselves. Commercial media is a form of profit driven media production, which requires audiences in order to attract advertisers and generate profit. That said, commercial media outlets still attempt to gain the trust of the audience. Media has a responsibility in a democracy, as well as having to meet formal state requirements, such as legal prescriptions and statutory boards. The lecture also made mention of a public sphere, which is space between commerce and government where people can debate freely and form public opinion (for a more in depth look at this concept, and others associated with commercial media: http://world-information.org/wio/infostructure/100437611795/100438659076).

There are also new controls on commercial media, such as government agencies regulating content, state press subsidies and licensed journalism in nations such as Indonesia and East Timor. Some believe that commercial media is corrupt and lacks quality (John McManus – Market Driven Journalism 1994) and that ‘In this regard, one thing stands out above all others –the view that the very nature of the commercial equates to a corruption of the social. In other words, as media become more commercial, they do so at the expense of their social function. This is seen as a zerosum game. Profits come before quality’ (Prof. Michael Bromley – SJC  2009). This is an interesting concept, and I have to say, that to a certain extent, I agree with the aforementioned opinions. To be honest, I was unaware that the majority of media I consumed was considered commercial, and that the main drive behind these entities was profit. So are their claims of commitment to delivering quality content or local productions merely a strategy on their behalf to attract a wide, previously elusive audience, to advertisers? I believe that this is probably the case, however I do also believe that commercial media is not necessarily bad. At the end of the day, these media outlets are businesses, and the goal of business is to make money. So no, I will not stop watching, reading, or buying things produced by these commercial media bodies, but I will view them differently, with the knowledge that for the big players, the news isn’t always about the story. 

Lecture 5


Lecture 5 was delivered via sound recording, as the subject matter was radio as a form of communication. It was challenging for me to listen and process information delivered in this format, as I hardly ever listen to radio or podcasts. I also have to admit I am not a fan of talkback and AM radio, so I really had to apply myself to the task. Initially I was bored, the radio announcer voices made me want to switch off and watch TV instead. I persevered and discovered a lot about radio. The fact that the majority of listeners are multi-tasking when listening to radio means that the content needs to be engaging, but also easy to process. Additionally, when interviewing a guest, you still need to keep the listener involved in the conversation. What I found most interesting though was the way in which the announcers approached interviewing guests. It was said that it’s important to give the guest space to talk as well as giving them the opportunity to reveal themselves to the audience. One of the last points made was the radio is getting bigger around the world, and is good for the time poor, so bearing this in mind I tried to pay more attention to radio. I mainly only listen to radio whilst I am in the car, and usually when the presenters start talking I change the station in order to find music. Hoping that old habits don’t die hard, I was driving around and tuned into the science program on triple J in the hope that I might actually learn something. Whilst not being immediately enthralled, I realised that radio is a vital communication and information presenting tool, as well as having a large array of fans. Who knows, maybe if I keep the listening up I might become a fan myself.